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B.3 Add and subtract whole numbers

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What does it mean to add and subtract whole numbers?

Adding means putting numbers together to find the total or sum. Subtracting means taking one number away from another to find the difference.

Examples:
  • 36 + 47 = 83
  • 95 − 42 = 53
Note

Addition increases the total, while subtraction decreases it. Both operations help you compare and combine quantities in everyday problems.

How to add whole numbers

When adding whole numbers, line up the digits by place value—ones under ones, tens under tens, and so on. Then add each column starting from the right (ones place) and regroup if needed.

Steps:
  • Write the numbers in columns by place value: 458 + 376
  • Add the ones: 8 + 6 = 14 (write down 4, carry the 1)
  • Add the tens: 5 + 7 + 1 = 13 (write down 3, carry the 1)
  • Add the hundreds: 4 + 3 + 1 = 8
  • Answer: 834
Note

Always check your addition by estimating. For example, 458 is about 460 and 376 is about 380, and 460 + 380 ≈ 840. Your answer, 834, makes sense.

How to subtract whole numbers

When subtracting, line up the digits by place value and subtract each column starting from the right. If the top digit is smaller than the bottom digit, regroup from the next place to the left.

Steps:
  • Write the numbers: 602 − 487
  • Regroup: borrow 1 from the hundreds place to make 10 tens
  • Subtract ones: 12 − 7 = 5
  • Subtract tens: 9 − 8 = 1
  • Subtract hundreds: 5 − 4 = 1
  • Answer: 115
Note

Check your subtraction by adding the difference and the smaller number. If you get the larger number, your subtraction is correct. Example: 115 + 487 = 602 ✔️

Understanding place value in addition and subtraction

Place value tells you the value of each digit in a number. Correctly lining up digits by place value helps ensure accurate addition and subtraction.

Examples:
  • In 4,582 the 4 means 4 thousands, the 5 means 5 hundreds, the 8 means 8 tens, and the 2 means 2 ones.
  • When adding 4,582 + 317, line up ones with ones, tens with tens, and so on.
Note

Misaligned digits lead to incorrect sums or differences. Always double-check your alignment before solving.

Real-world use of addition and subtraction

Addition and subtraction are used to solve real-world problems, such as finding total amounts, comparing differences, or determining how much more or less something is.

Examples:
  • Maria saved $265 and earned $185 more. How much money does she have now? 265 + 185 = 450
  • A library had 930 books. 215 were checked out. How many are left? 930 − 215 = 715
Note

Always read word problems carefully to decide whether you need to add (combine amounts) or subtract (find the difference).