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G.1 Multiplication facts to 12

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What is multiplication?

Multiplication is a way to add equal groups quickly. Instead of adding the same number again and again, multiplication shows the total in one step.

Examples:
  • 3 × 4 means 3 groups of 4 → 4 + 4 + 4 = 12
  • 5 × 2 means 5 groups of 2 → 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 10
Note

Multiplication makes adding faster. Think: “How many groups? How many in each group?”

Multiplication facts to 12

Multiplication facts are basic equations that show the product of two numbers. Knowing the facts from 0 × 0 up to 12 × 12 helps you solve problems quickly.

Examples:
  • 6 × 7 = 42
  • 9 × 4 = 36
  • 12 × 12 = 144
Note

Practice your multiplication facts often. When you know them by heart, solving bigger math problems becomes easier.

Properties of multiplication

Multiplication has special rules, or properties, that always work. These help you check your work and solve problems more easily.

Properties and Examples:
  • Commutative Property: The order does not matter. 3 × 4 = 4 × 3
  • Associative Property: You can group numbers differently. (2 × 3) × 4 = 2 × (3 × 4)
  • Identity Property: Any number times 1 stays the same. 8 × 1 = 8
  • Zero Property: Any number times 0 equals 0. 9 × 0 = 0
Note

These properties are always true. Use them to make multiplication simpler and to check your answers.

Strategies for learning multiplication facts

There are different strategies that can help you learn and remember multiplication facts more quickly.

Examples of Strategies:
  • Skip counting: Count by numbers (like 5, 10, 15, 20) to solve 5 × 4 = 20
  • Use doubles: 4 × 6 = (2 × 6) + (2 × 6) = 24
  • Use known facts: If you know 5 × 7 = 35, then 7 × 5 = 35
  • Patterns: Products of 10 always end in zero (10 × 8 = 80)
Note

Choose the strategy that works best for you. The more you practice, the faster you will remember the facts.

Using multiplication in real life

Multiplication is not just for math class. You use it every day without even noticing!

Examples:
  • Buying 4 packs of pencils with 12 pencils each → 4 × 12 = 48 pencils
  • Counting chairs in 6 rows of 8 → 6 × 8 = 48 chairs
  • Figuring out minutes in 5 hours → 5 × 60 = 300 minutes
Note

Multiplication helps solve real-world problems. Think of groups, rows, or sets to know when to multiply.