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N.13 Multiply 12 by numbers up to 12

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What is multiplication?

Multiplication is a mathematical operation that combines equal groups. It is a faster way to add the same number multiple times.

Example:
  • 12 × 4 is the same as 12 + 12 + 12 + 12
  • This means four groups of twelve.
Note

When you see a multiplication sign (×), think "groups of." The answer to a multiplication problem is called the product.

Understanding multiplying by twelve

Multiplying by 12 means you are finding the total of a certain number of groups that each have twelve items.

Examples:
  • 12 × 3 = 36 (Three dozen eggs equals 36 eggs.)
  • 12 × 7 = 84 (There are 84 inches in 7 feet.)
Note

The number 12 is useful in real life. We see it with dozens of items, inches in a foot, and months in a year.

Strategies for learning the twelves facts

You can use patterns and known facts to help you remember products involving twelve.

Helpful strategies:
  • Break it apart: 12 × 4 = (10 × 4) + (2 × 4) = 40 + 8 = 48
  • Use the tens fact: The product of 12 × any number is 10 times the number plus 2 times the number.
  • Pattern in the ones place: Look for the repeating pattern in the ones digits as you count by twelves.
Note

Breaking a problem into smaller parts you already know, like tens and twos, is a powerful math strategy.

The multiplication facts through twelve

Memorizing these facts helps you solve problems quickly and accurately. Practice until you know them by heart.

Key facts to know:
  • 12 × 1 = 12
  • 12 × 2 = 24
  • 12 × 3 = 36
  • 12 × 4 = 48
  • 12 × 5 = 60
  • 12 × 6 = 72
  • 12 × 7 = 84
  • 12 × 8 = 96
  • 12 × 9 = 108
  • 12 × 10 = 120
  • 12 × 11 = 132
  • 12 × 12 = 144
Note

Flashcards, songs, and repeated practice are great ways to learn these facts. Focus on a few at a time.

Applying the twelves facts in problems

Once you know the facts, you can use them to solve word problems and more complex equations.

Example in a word problem:
  • "One box holds 12 pencils. How many pencils are in 8 boxes?"
  • This is asking: What is 12 × 8?
  • Using the fact, 12 × 8 = 96.
  • Answer: There are 96 pencils.
Note

Always read word problems carefully. Look for phrases like "groups of," "rows of," or "in each" to signal multiplication.